Civil-military relations have long been a pivotal factor shaping Pakistan’s political landscape. The country’s history is marked by alternating phases of civilian governance and military rule, which has profoundly impacted its democratic development, policymaking, and governance. Understanding this dynamic is key to assessing Pakistan’s future political trajectory and governance stability.
Historical Context of Civil-Military Relations
The Foundational Years (1947–1958)
At the time of Pakistan’s independence in 1947, the civil and military leadership was aligned in nation-building efforts. However, a lack of political stability and institutional development soon paved the way for the military to emerge as a powerful actor.
Military Takeovers and Martial Laws
- Ayub Khan Era (1958–1969): The first military coup in 1958 set a precedent for military intervention in governance. Ayub Khan’s rule emphasized modernization and economic growth but sidelined democratic processes.
- Zia-ul-Haq’s Regime (1977–1988): The military’s role expanded significantly under Zia, with Islamization policies dominating the national agenda.
- Musharraf’s Rule (1999–2008): The fourth military takeover saw General Musharraf consolidate power, highlighting the military’s continued dominance in political affairs.
The Civilian Struggle for Power
Restoration of Democracy
Civilian governments were restored in 1971, 1988, and 2008 following periods of military rule. However, challenges such as corruption, inefficiency, and infighting among political parties weakened democratic institutions, allowing the military to maintain significant influence.
Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif Era
The 1990s saw a power struggle between civilian leaders and the military. Both Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif attempted to assert civilian supremacy but faced constant pushback from military elites.
The Military’s Institutional Influence
Role in National Security and Foreign Policy
The military has traditionally controlled Pakistan’s national security and foreign policy, particularly concerning relations with India, Afghanistan, and the United States.
- India and Kashmir: Military narratives heavily influence Pakistan’s policy toward India and the Kashmir dispute.
- The Afghan Context: The military’s involvement in Afghanistan through the Taliban and counter-terrorism efforts reflects its strategic priorities.
Economic and Business Interests
The Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan’s economy extends beyond defense, with institutions like the Fauji Foundation and Army Welfare Trust holding significant economic stakes.
Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Musharraf Era
Evolving Dynamics Under Democratic Rule
Post-2008, civilian governments attempted to curb military influence. For instance:
- Asif Ali Zardari’s Presidency: The PPP government sought to establish civilian supremacy but faced resistance in critical areas like foreign policy.
- Nawaz Sharif’s Third Term: Nawaz’s attempts to assert control, particularly regarding India and domestic policy, led to tensions with the military, culminating in his removal.
Military’s Role in Imran Khan’s Tenure
Imran Khan’s rise to power in 2018 was perceived as being facilitated by the military. However, cracks in this alliance became evident, leading to political instability.
Challenges in Establishing Civilian Supremacy
Weak Political Institutions
Frequent changes in government and lack of continuity have weakened civilian institutions, making them vulnerable to military intervention.
Judicial Support to Military Rule
The judiciary has historically legitimized military takeovers through doctrines like the “Doctrine of Necessity,” further eroding civilian authority.
Public Perception and Trust
The military is often perceived as a more stable and corruption-free institution compared to civilian governments, strengthening its position in public discourse.
The Role of Media and Civil Society
Media’s Influence
The media has played a dual role sometimes amplifying military narratives while at other times advocating for democracy. Censorship and control of dissenting voices remain significant issues.
Civil Society Movements
Civil society and human rights organizations have increasingly called for democratic accountability and civilian control over national matters.
Comparative Analysis with Other Nations
Turkey’s Model of Civil-Military Relations
Turkey’s successful transition to civilian control offers valuable lessons for Pakistan, particularly in terms of strengthening democratic institutions.
India’s Democratic Stability
Despite challenges, India has maintained civilian supremacy over its military, contrasting sharply with Pakistan’s history.
Steps Toward Balancing Power
Strengthening Democratic Institutions
Reforms in political parties and governance mechanisms are essential for reducing military influence.
Judicial Independence
An impartial judiciary is critical for upholding democratic principles and resisting military overreach.
Civilian Oversight of Military
Institutional mechanisms ensuring civilian oversight of defense budgets and policies can establish a more balanced relationship.
Conclusion
The tug of power between Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan continues to shape the nation’s political trajectory. While progress has been made, achieving a balance that ensures democratic stability and effective governance requires persistent effort and institutional reforms. A strong democracy, supported by an independent judiciary and engaged civil society, is crucial for Pakistan’s long-term development.
